Academic debate Essay Example for Free

Academic debate EssayThere has been considerable academic debate concerning the emergence and meaning of globoseization with differing views ranging from those who believe that there has been no throw to what already existed with previous trade and movement across nation states to those who believe that the consequences of orbiculateization bay window be felt everywhere and that the sovereignty of nation states has been greatly diminished.It is argued by those such as Modelski that the demesne society today is ball-shaped in direct contrast to all other historical societies and for David Held (1) globalisation is just about a significant transformation resulting in local communities linked to global actions (1). This paper does not delve into the debate about the theory of globalization, rather it focuses upon the root word of the UN in terms of cheek of world personal business. During his leadership as UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan sought to define a new role for the United Nations at the centre of global presidency (Held and McGrew 1).In response to the onset of globalization there are those, including Rosenau (8) who believe that a new complex multilateralism is evolving as a system of global governance. In the absence of a world government Rosenau (8) believes that the concept of global governance is the most apt description of the system that decides who rules and governs across the international community. This evolution has been made possible following a number of significant events over the past two decades. firstly the end of the cold war opened up opportunities for new ways of governing at the global level.Secondly there was a massive increase in global issues such as the surround (for example climate change), health (for example the HIV / Aids epidemic) and consumerism that was affecting the way that world affairs were being run. These changes to global affairs has convinced the advocates of global governance that the traditiona l geopolitical management of global affairs with its hierarchical forms of management is unsuited to the challenges and tasks that are now emergent and that new forms of global governance affect to be introduced.The common arguments against global governance include the inequalities of power between states, the structural privileging of the interests and agenda of global capital and the technocratic nature of the global policy process (Held and McGrew 13). In general there are three principle explanatory accounts of global governance liberal institutionalist, realist and neo-Gramsic. Each attempt to explain how governance works beyond the national state but there are considerable differences in their epistemological frameworks which are a reflection of their interpretations of the social world as well as difference assumptions about world politics.Liberal institutionalism argues that governance beyond the state is endemic (Held and McGrew 12) because of the substantial benefits t hat global institutions can dumbfound to individual nations, for example the travelal benefits of a global health organization. Liberal institutionalists believe that international institutions empower governments rather than shackle them (Keohane 13) .Realism finds that governance beyond the nation state depends upon the policy interests of the most powerful states, which means that the global institutions can strike little autonomy or power as their function is primarily to advance the interests of those more powerful states (Held and McGrew 12) and thus the inequalities of power between the states is highlighted. Neo-gramsican theories share the bases of the realism theory however they consider the structural imperatives of globalizing capitalism as the key component.This theory states that the conduct of global governance is underpinned by the expansion of globalizing capital through the dominant forces, i. e. the US and therefore the global institutions are nevertheless ins truments to obtain this objective at the expense of the welfare and environment of the global communities. There is concern that the there is an insurmountable deficit within the current cognitive content of global governance to address the pressing global issues of poverty, health, environment, security and welfare.In practice this can imply a criticism of how the United Nations is structured and functionally operates, and essentially makes the presumption that the UN is ineffective (Luard 1). The United Nations Organization (UN) is an international organization that brings together 191 states in a voluntary forum to consider all affairs such as security, living conditions, affecting the global population. The structure consists of the General Assembly, the Security Council, The Economic and Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, the Secretariat and the UN brass (www.un. org) . This paper focuses on the operations of the UN System. The Un ited Nations has a number of organizations formally within its system as specialized agencies although in reality they are more often than not autonomous from the important UN, for example the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNESCO. These specialized agencies are linked to the UN through cooperative agreements have wide-ranging international responsibilities in the economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related fields.Some of them, like the International Labour Organization and the Universal Postal Union, are older than the UN itself (www. un. org) . each these organizations have their ingest governing bodies, budgets and secretariats. Together with the United Nations, they are known as the UN family, or the UN system. Together, they provide technical assistance and other forms of practical assistant in virtually all economic and social areas. The reform of the UN is an issue of constant debate, although only the c omponent states have the power to implement any changes so it must be driven through them.It can be argued then that the UN is not a global organization, rather it remains an inter-governmental organization as it can only develop so far as the member states will allow and they will always weigh development against their own self interest. heretofore this reality is in comparison with the global expectation placed upon the UN and Bernhard (213) believes it is this contradiction in reality and expectation that causes the UN to over stretch itself. Bernhard (213) presents three scenarios for the future of the UN.Firstly that the UN system will weaken, and ultimately fail in the members states withdrew participation and secondly that the UN could develop as a sort of world government with the institutions forming a central coordinating role of the global governance process and ultimately leading to the loss of nation state autonomy. The third scenario seems more plausible, that the UN will remain as an imperfect instrument in need of reform but also an important global organization. This itself requires examination of a number of issues, namely whether it takes on a role as actor in its own right or continues to be held to member state autonomy.The leadership of Koffi Annan as the Secretary General has had most impact on the pace of UN reforms. At the Millennium Summit in 2000 he called for members states to reorganize the UN so that it could be better equipped to meet the challenges that globalization brings . However in practice the extent of the UN reform appears modest and Bernhard (214) makes the distinction between internal reforms of the UNs by-laws which are easier to achieve than constitutional changes, which would require changes to the Charter. The complexness of the UN system doesnt allow for reforms to be made easily.Every amendment needs a two-thirds majority in the General Assembly and the ratification of two thirds of the member states, including the five permanent members. Therefore the permanent members have a high level of strength and can block any reforms, although to be fair they would need the agreement of more than 120 UN members for their own projects to succeed (Bernhard 242). Koffi Annan (Bernhard 243) drew attention to the institutions of the UN being unfit for the present day purpose as they had been created for an inter-national rather than global world.The UN system has resulted in a tradition of decentralization, along with a steady growth of new agencies. It is this situation that draws critics to argue that there are overlaps and duplication of feat and irrational allocation of resources (Ziring 464). There is no world budget to deal with economic and social affairs and each UN agency are responsible for their own budgets and programmes, subject to the limitations of the collective will of their members.Ziring (464) argues that the Economic and Social Council has not fulfilled its central coordinating fun ction, being mainly consigned to discussion and liaison and he makes the important statement that the most formidable barriers to improved functional co-operation between the agencies are in fact political and budgetary, not organizational. This would then mean that the UN reforms should be centre on gaining the collective political and economic will of member states rather than introducing organizational changes alone.

Per Clausewitz’s On War Essay Example for Free

Per Clausewitzs On War EssayPer Clausewitzs On War focal points on how victory back tooth be achieved, reader see a keen interest in how to disarm the enemy using reciprocal and proportionate efforts to his powers or resistance. This implies that to win a war you might use all means, strength, and resources within your power to deliver the best strategy possible. Using calculation of probabilities victory can achieved by fully knowing what is at stake and how to attack at the right time.Being aw ar of the political agenda and reasoning behind a war allows for more awareness of political and military alliances in order to achieve victory in war. In addition, by understanding that there are tactics and strategy which moldiness be used in war a victory can be acquired (website, Handel). To Clausewitz this means that preparations for War and the War itself must(prenominal) be seen as distinct entities. By preparing for the War you are acquiring all needed provisions and equipment , and comprehending the enemy and terrain in which the betrothals might be fought (Clausewitz loudness 6).Sun too indicates that preparation for War is strongly required, and that without it practicality of strategy is lost. This would include any tactics to be used, calculations which can done, deriving rules or even systems for the ask of war, and understanding that knowledge can be converted into real power. Clausewitz considers that war is science when mere knowing art, when doing. This law of action must include strategy. This in turn links together the series of acts which are to lead to the final decision or finality of victory.Because these strategic elements are key out to achieving victory, this author insists that the use of engagements. be classified into moral, physical, mathematical, geographical, and statistical aspects. This elements manifest within the process and act of War, and encompass the idea that strategic assembly of forces enables victory. Clausewitz i ndicates that the use of battle leads to the destruction of the enemys military, and that a great results is achieved by battle (KLINGER 79-89).

Properties of Analgesics Essay Example for Free

Properties of Analgesics EssayThe mass of three analgesics, aspirin, buffered aspirin, and acetaminophen is certainly different. The insoluble particles in each varied as well. If al-Qaeda is added to aspirin, it will neutralize. If it is added to buffered aspirin and acetaminophen, then the pH will increases. First, we found the masses of four tablets of each analgesic. Then, we ground them separately into a powder. Each was dissolved in water and filtered, leaving only the insoluble particles behind The mass of the uncrushed analgesics was compared to its insoluble parts. On the next day, we found the pH of each analgesic, then added NaOH to each in 1mL increments, testing the pH each time. We compared the differing masses (of both the four pills and the insoluables) and the varying pH levels of each analgesic.DATA TABLEStable1table2Observation of the Filtering PaperWhen the first filtering took place (filtering of aspirin), it go forth powdered aspirin behind. This was the insoluble materials of aspirin. The other two produced the same results, leaving behind insoluble particles. The buffered aspirin seemed to take longer to filter, followed closely by acetaminophen. The aspirin took the shortest amount of time.ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONThe masses of the four tablets for each analgesic was aspirin tablets were 1.929g buffered aspirin was 2.810g and acetaminophen was 2.194g. After filtering, the mass of the insoluble material for aspirin was 0.637g buffered aspirin was 0.676g and acetaminophen was 0.733g. The pH change varied from each analgesic. For aspirin, the pH never changed when base was added. The buffered aspirin rose 1.5 on the pH scale afterward the NaOH was added. For the acetaminophen, the pH level raised by 4. Here is a graph of the pH dataCONCLUSIONThe acetaminophen had the highest mass of insoluble materials, followed by buffered aspirin and aspirin. But, the buffered aspirin had only 24% insoluble material, while the aspirin had 33% a nd the acetaminophen had 33.4%. The most acidic was aspirin, because it was unaffected by the NaOH. The acetaminophen, however, was affected most by the base. Aspirin is the most acidic of the three, so it should be avoided by those that have stomach coagulation or ulcers, as the acid could make its way into the run along aggravating the stomach. In this case, buffered aspirin could be used, since it contains the least amount of insoluble material. Acetaminophen could be used if one has an allergy to aspirin.EXTENSIONSA grain is a metric equivalent to 0.0649 grams. It is 1/7000 of a pound. So for a 300mg dosage of aspirin, one would be taking 4.61 grains of aspirin. For a 325mg dosage (standard Tylenol) of acetaminophen, one would take 5 grains. For 350mg of buffered aspirin, one would take 5.39 grains.

Analysis of the Australian Fashion Industry

Analysis of the Australian path IndustryAustralian FashionWell known Australian designers Lisa Ho, Collette Dinnigan, Sass Bide, Ksubi, Jayson Brunsdon, Leona Edmiston and fit Willow atomic number 18 taking the world by storm and expanding into the international market placeplace.Fashion is one of Australias key creative and design industries and there argon now over 2000 active fashion exporters delivering their products and services in afield markets.The export of Australian fashion is non limited to exclusive designers. Street wear, and surfboard wear are also famous worldwide. Quiksilver, Billabong and Rip Curl are famous for their boardshorts, T-shirts and wet beseems.Getting your check off overseas is important, says designer Claus Maus, Not altogether for building your brand but also for growing sales.The key markets allow New Zealand, United Kingdom and the USA. Annual textile, clothing and footwear exports are worthy $A277 million, of which $A289 million is clot hing.This essay will examine the market strategies adopted by some of these fashion brands to launch their label internationally.International markets can provide opportunities for growth. To execute this, companies need to develop and perform marketing activities aimed at their target customer.A detailed analysis of the environment is critical before a company enters an overseas market. This analysis should include cultural, social, ethical economic, technological, political and legal issues. Cultural differences whitethorn affect marketing negotiations and product use.Australian fashion is suitable more popular. Australian Fashion Week is one of the inaugural shows of the fashion season which mean Australian designers can be early in setting trends. It was during Australian Fashion Week that Easton Pearson got their start globally. It is all slightly timing.Fashion does swell up in neighbouring markets much(prenominal) as New Zealand, Indonesia and Singapore.In order to st ay competitive in the global fashion market, brand management and positioning is crucial. It is important for designers to adopt a presence at major international fashion upshots with an eye to cosmos picked up by overseas retailers and boutiques. It is important to listen to your consumer and listen to your retailer. The retailer will have some very specific requirements will it turn up on term, it will be price correctly and it will make your consumer feel special.The type of product will obviously determine the right market. For example, uncommon fashion will do well in wealthy, affluent markets, whereas swimwear will do well in big resort areas.The international fashion sedulousness is tough, competitive and constantly evolving.Fashion can be very market and culture specific, so fashion labels should be aware that what is considered fashionable and stylish will differ considerably between markets. When going international fashion exporters need to consider the lifestyle o f the customer they are targeting and adapt colour, garment practicality and fabric choices to suit the target climate, lifestyle and market groupSocial laws will dictate to what extend certain parts of the body should be covered and even the models displaying products should ricochet the target market. Immodest clothes are considered inappropriate for many Middle-Eastern women and in Mexico the colour purpose is associated with funerals.Easton Pearson, a successful fashion exporter had to adapt their sizing and hemlines for markets such as Japan and the Middle East.Successful jeans label Tsubi underwent a brand number change to Ksubi. . A shoe label in the United States called Tsubo claimed the name infringed its trademark and challenged the businesses use of the name.This case exemplifies how much a brand name means to the business. Colour can also be associated with a brand. Cadbury unsuccessfully took Darrel forage to court over their use of a shade of purple.Within every bra nd there is a product. But not every product is a brand. A product is something tangible, it has physical attributes, styles, features and price. A brand is the total consumer experience of a product, its privateity, the trust you have in it, the status it gives you, the experiences you share with it.The cultural scene of launching a brand cant be overlooked. Sometimes there are language issues, For example, The Ford Pinto did miserably when first introduced in Brazil, and it was observed that pinto is slang for small male sex organ. Ford changed the name to corcel which means horse and sales improved.Billabong is now the leading brand in Peru. single of the ways in which they have make this brand so well know in Peru has been through providing sponsorship to leading athletes. They sponsor surfers, skateboarders and snowboarders and host many of the event that make up the surfing World Championships Tours as well as region-specific events. They know their customers well and deve lop innovative and functional products for them, gaolbreak into overseas markets is arouse but also challenging. Developing an overseas market gives rise to opportunities to grow and prosper with increased sales and profits, improved domestic competitiveness and a decrease dependence on the Australian market and seasonal fluctuations.To enter the overseas market there are certain strategies that must be undertaken to improve success. Breaking into the international market can be costly in time, money and resources. Thorough preparation is essential. Preparation should include professional advice, the ability to balance domestic and export market, do not assume all markets are the same and modify the product to meet regulations and cultural preferences of other countries.Planning is essential. Companies must be capable and ready to export and must have total commitment from all staff. Research is essential and a thorough analysis should be made of the market, taking into account s ize and distribution capabilities and competition.Companies should respond to perceived demands in overseas markets such as niche markets and acquire resources and technology.A successful marketing strategy used by Sass Bide to launch their label internationally was having celebrities wear their clothing. Basically they asked peck through fashion editors to try their jeans and first begun by sending their jeans to all of the editors in New York and London presented beautifully with a covering letter. This strategy worked as out of a dozen gifts sent, 6 would write back saying OH, my God, we love this, and as a result celebrities would endorse them. They just had to get their product to the right people. They took this approach as they did not have the money to spend on advertising and marketing, and thought that parole of back talk marketing was the way to go. Working with influential people (celebrities) is an important of word of mouth marketing.Nobody counts the number of ads you run, they just remember the impression your make. (Wiliam Bernbach).Sass and Bide partners, Heidi Middleton and Sarah Clarke spend a lot of time travelling making connections with the customers on a one to one level. They do not want to advertise they are more interested in intimate marketing as well as Public Relations. They relied on word of mouth marketing early on however this has changed over the years. The US market is very competitive so they now have a marketing plan and strategy in place to target the whole of the country. They target celebrities like Naomi Watts and Kylie Minogue. They also do in-store appearances and hold tea parties and invite all the stylists and editors to these tea parties.The SWOT analysis is a tool used to assess a companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths and weaknesses devolve from within the company and are directly controllable. Strengths are attributes of the organisation that are befriendful to achieving the o bjective. If a SWOT analysis does not start with defining a desired objective it may be useless. Identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is essential as steps in the process of planning for achievement of the objective may be derived from them.Strengths include a strong brand name and a good reputation among customers Weaknesses include limited finances and lack of key distribution channels. Opportunities include new technologies, a new international market and loosening of international trade barriers. Threats are shifts in customers tastes, new competition and the entering of new regulations.Firstly, the company has to determine whether the objective of launching internationally is attainable. The organisation should ask how they use separately strength, how they can stop each weakness, how to exploit each opportunity and how to defend against each threat.A fashion label needs competitive advantages that give it an advantage in meeting the needs of a t argeted market (strengths). To be successful fashion labels need to be an innovative product combined into excellent design that bring together individual style. Brand ambassadors are also a key element in brand acknowledgement overseas.Limitations that a business faces in developing are a weakness. Weaknesses are noisome to achieving the final objective. Limited financial resources can contribute to weakness. The label must be able to generate sales rapidly after the launch. This entails reaching adequate people with marketing efforts and creating a retail network.Opportunities and threats exist independently of the business. Opportunities are favourable conditions and business can be rewarded from these benefits if it acts on them properly.Threats are conditions or barriers that may prevent the organisation reaching its objectives. Threats must be acted on or avoided to prevent them from limiting the companys capabilities.When launching a fashion label internationally it is impo rtant to make sure the opportunities are used properly and the strengths made even stronger in order to find new arising opportunities.All the Australian fashion labels entering the international market are in direct competition with one another and are rivals. They all operate in identical fields and their target customers are similar. Billabong and Quiksilver are well established and have loyal followers.Even though competition is very hard it creates opportunity. Competition keeps the companies locomote forward.Creating word of mouth marketing campaign can make a big difference in the perception and image of the brand. According to Andy Sernovitz, author of intelligence information of Mouth Marketing How Smart Companies Get People Talking there is a five T method to create efficient word of mouth campaigns. Getting the campaign to function is based on Business to Customer to Customer communication. The real capacity comes from the customer. The five Ts are Talkers Topics, Too ls, Taking Part and introduceWord of mouth marketing is fully actionable, trackable and plannable. The Internet provides excellent ways to track blogs and other forums. It is very important to identify who and why people are talking about the brand. Find people who will talk about the label and give people a reason to talk. Tools help the message spread faster and further. Track, measure an understand what people are saying.It is important to be successful internationally to find people who will talk about you such as retailers, bloggers and retailers. Also the fashion label should give people a reason to talk through excellent products and great service. They can help the message spread faster and farther by blogs, message boards and the internet. The company itself can take part by posting blogs, answering emails and offering personal service. Also you should measure and understand what people are saying by searching blogs and listening to feedback.The fashion product must also m ake the roughly of opportunities. The product image must appeal strongly to people who want to dress stylish but do not want to sacrifice their comfort. With a successful marketing campaign and image building the brand can become very valuable in a short period for time and generate lucrative offers from investors and competitors.Most South East Asiancountries correlate imported brand names and higher prices with superior quality. They generally pay close trouble to the country of origin when evaluating quality and making purchasing decisions on outfit products. The average arget age of consumers in South East Asion for imported apparel is becoming younger from people in their 30s to people in their 20s.Given the growth South East Asian casual wear and sportswear market. Australian apparel in these segments has some distinct advantages that provide a good basis for establishing a storng brand image.Designer brands that are successful in the interntional marketplace have a high ma rket potential to be successful in the South East Asian market. Department stores in south east asia are highly positioned and any international fashion brand ensure that is a priority to denter the department stores.Sociuakl ResponsibilitySocially responsible organisations strive for marketing citizenship by adopting a strategic focus for fulfilling the economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic social responsibilities that their stakeholders expect of them.At the most basic level all, companies have an economic responsibility to be profitable so they can provide a return on investment to their owners and investors, crete jobs for the community and contribute goods and services to the economy.Marketers re also expected to adapt laws and regulations.Examples of social responsibility issues include environment, consumerism and community relations.Being socially responsible means an organisation shows concern for the people and environment in which it transacts business. In some case s social responsibility incorporates supporting social causes to help society. For example, some marketers sponsor charity events. Social responsibility does not automatically translate into increased gross or public image. However, companies who adopt social responsibility tend to have a strong reputation which pays dividends in the form of increased customer loyalty.

Gladiators Roman General Maximus History Essay

Gladiators Roman General Maximus History EssayThe movie Gladiator begins with the Roman General Maximus leaders the Roman legions to achievement a pissst the German barbarian tribes, peculiaritying a perpetuate war. The victory won of this battle ends with Maximus earning the esteem of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. As the battle ends, the Emperors son Commodus and girl Lucilla arrive from capital of Italy. The emperor Marcus Aurelius is anxious(p) and his last wish are to give power back to the population of capital of Italy and end the corruption that cripples it. This is the reason why Aurelius decides to appoint leadership to Maximus, with the desire that Maximus will return power to the Senate and revive the Republic. Aurelius tells Maximus that he has not been corrupted by the politics, were as Commodus is not a object lesson man and he must not detect. Maximus is the son that Aurelius wished he had and he favours him over his son Commodus, this formulates Commodus jealo usy and rage. Maximus expresses that his greatest desire is to return home to his family and that he is unsure to accept Aurelius wish to be the protector of Rome.Maximus returns to his tent and asks the gods for guidance and to watch over his family with a ready sword. Aurelius then informs Commodus of his decision to leave Rome in the hands of Maximus. This infuriates Commodus with envy, betrayal and rage and he murders his father. Commodus then declares himself emperor and asks Maximus for his loyalty, Maximus realizes that Commodus is responsible for the emperors death and he refuses. Commodus orders Maximus to be executed and demands the guards to murder his wife and son. Maximus escapes by andchering the guards and he quickly races home solely to discover that his wife and son have been cruelly slaughtered. After Maximus buries his wife and son, he grieves succumbing to exhaustion and collapses on their graves. Slave traders find Maximus and take him to a Roman province in N orth Africa. There he is purchased by Proximo, the head of a gladiator discipline and former gladiator. Maximus is tormented over the death of his family and the betrayal by his empire, he refuses to fight, but as he defends himself his impressive combat skills are awe leading to a rise in popularity with the audience and gaining respect among the otherwise fighters. Maximus becomes slamn as the Spaniard as he trains and fights, he becomes friends with Juba (hunter) and Hagen. Maximus and Juba develop a potent friendship, some(prenominal) inject each other with courage to which suit death bravely. Juba proclaims that Maximus will meet his family again in the afterlife this fills Maximus with hope and valiance.In Rome, Commodus has reintegrated the gladiatorial games to denounce his fathers death and gain favour of the people of Rome. In a recreation of the Battle of Carthage at the Colosseum, Maximus leads the gladiators to an incisive victory in an appearance of Hannibals fo rces against a much powerful force of Scipio Africanus legions. Maximus victory causes the conclave to cheer with amazement over his clever and unique battle t encounterics. Maximus hides his identity through a helmet that had a face guard. Commodus demanded that he must meet this gladiator, the crews echoes and cheers surrounded the Colossuem and the Emperor descended to the arena, Commodus asked the Spaniard for his figure and Maximus responded with an act of defiance. This act stunned and provoked Commodus with anxiety, he angrily instructed Maximus to reveal his identity. Maximus wrathfully moody to face his enemy and proclaimed in a clear and proud voice My name is Maximus, a loyal servant to the true Emperor, Marcus Aurelius. The crowd froze motionless as Maximus vowed revenge for the murder of his family. Commodus was stunned to discover that Maximus was still alive after he commanded his death. Commodus humiliated left the arena after the crowd roared for the acclama tion to spare his life. The crowd chanted Maximus name vigorously, this act showed that Maximus, a slave had become more powerful than the Emperor of Rome. Lucilla was grateful to see Maximus alive and consistent a to secretly meet him. That night, Lucilla meet with Maximus expressed that she feared for the life of her son and that she has an allied in the Senate who wants to see Commodus overthrown. Maximus denied Lucillas help and proclaimed that the man she once knew was gone.The games move celebrating the 64th day, Commodus had a surprise arrange for the crowd and for Maximus. Commodus had arranged Maximus death against Tigris of Gaul, Romes only undefeated gladiator. The crowd cheered with excitement as they desperately thirsted for death. Suddenly, Maximus confidently appeared from his gate carrying only a small sword and a shield. Four chained tigers came out from a door and now Maximus had five enemies to fight and he desperately looked for a weak point. The intense battle between these two strong and fast gladiators ended with Maximus defeating Tigris. Maximus turned to Commodus and awaited his decision to kill or spare Tigris. Commodus authorise for Maximus to kill Tigris, but Maximus spared Tigris, therefore insulting the Emperor and gaining the audience approval. The audience chanted and cheered Maximus, and bestowing him with the title Maximus the Merciful. Commodus was infuriated by the fact that he is unable to kill Maximus and stop his popularity from soaring. Cicero, Maximus servant meets him and proclaimed that his soldiers was camped at Ostia, and that his army remains loyal to him. Maximus agreed to meet Lucillas politician (Senator Gracchus) and they plotted a plan to reunify him with his army and overthrow Commodus. Commodus suspected of his sisters betrayal, secret and lie he therefore threaten her son Lucuis life, in order to force her to reveal her plan on helping Maximus.The Praetorian guards immediately stormed to obstruct Maximu s plan, while the gladiators fought, this caused a distraction and helped Maximus escaped. During the raid, Proximo was killed and Juba and the other gladiators were imprisoned. Maximus escaped the city walls only to witness Cicero being dispatch and he is captured to be turn over to Commodus. Maximus was restrained and chained under the floor of the Colosseum arena. Commodus came in smiling and snickering proclaiming that Maximus was the general who became a slave, the slave who became a gladiator and the gladiator who defied an Empire. Commodus explained that this was a good story and that the people want to know how it ends only a great death will be good enough. Commodus explained that what could be better than to fight the Emperor himself. Maximus is man that knows no fear and was not threaten by Commodus assimilations. Commodus reached out to hug Maximus as a brother, and suddenly Maximus let out a cry of pain. Commodus had a small knife in his hand and had wounded Maximus in the side, cutting him deeply. This was a cowardly action that Commodus had performed because he knew that Maximus was prominent to excel him in combat. All eyes were focused in the Colosseum as they watched Commodus and Maximus enter. Maximus was weak and he fought on instinct as he laid low(p) Commodus, as he dropped his sword he order Quintis for another sword, but he order the guards not to assist him. Maximus finding the skill and power killed Commodus the crowd fell silent and watched Maximus slowly dying.Maximus fell in a deep trance and began to see visions, he saw his own hand on the gate, move it open and reuniting with his wife and son as they smiled at him. He ordered for Quintis to release the gladiators and Senator Gracchus, he then collapsed onto the bloody sand, Lucilla quickly ran to help him, there dying laid the protector Rome in her arms. Maximus reassured Lucilla that Lucius was safe she gave Maximus a warm and gentle smiled and whispered to him Go to them. Y oure home, Maximus then died. Lucilla reminded everyone that Maximus was a soldier of Rome and that his memory should be honoured. Senator Gracchus and the gladiators carried his body silently and proud out of the Colosseum. The Colossuem was empty and silent as Juba walked across the bloody sand he was a open man again. He buried Maximus small wooden figures of his wife and son on the sand that carried is blood. Juba proclaimed that he would meet Maximus again but not yet.Historical Analysis in the film GladiatorIn the film Gladiator weapons, military strategies, government structure and the spectacle of the gladiatorial games are some of the diachronic components the film analyses.Weapons/Military StrategyThe Roman army, like the armies of the Greek, was a citizen militia (Colliers, 1995, pg.682). This perspective is seen in the movie Gladiator because Maximus was a farmer and he became know as Romes greatest general. The role of the Roman army during the Roman Republic and Empi re led to military success and victory. The role of the Roman army play an important role in the movie, in the beginning of the movie when Maximus is leading the army against the German barbarian tribe this portrays tactical, unique and superior weapons that allowed and helped the army moderate and establish the height and power of the Roman Empire. The soldiers fought honourably for the glory of the Empire against the barbarian tribes and this war was the final stand in the way of Roman victory and the promise of peace throughout the Empire. The Romans organized a very similar tactic to the Greek phalanx, eventually this evolved and the Roman armies adopted a more manoeuvrable tactic that strengthen the armys advantage to conquer and attain success and military efficiency.The major unit of the Roman army was the legion, composed of ten cohorts. The legions produced a tactical flexibility and this was an advantage to the Romans ability to raise the best use of ground. When prepar ing for battle, soldiers equipped with swords and spears would form protective ranks in front of cavalry and archers(Corbishley, 2004, pg.18). This preparation for the battle against the barbarians is envisioned when Maximus is speaking to Quintus about the catapults being out of range and that this is a danger to the cavalry. The heavy infantry tactics developed quickly, prominent from the flanks, encircling enemy forces and use the policy of divide and conquer. The legion was known as the backbone of the Roman army creating a more flexible formation for their infantry. The Roman Empire move on to conquer a vast empire and had a strong army with tactical battle techniques. Roman commanders planned their battles carefully, choosing a site that would make armed combat difficult for the enemies, and waiting for the right time and weather to attack. To attack, Roman soldiers advanced in lines, holding their shields in front of them, then hurled their javelins. After this, they cha rged forward, striking with their swords(Macdonald, 2005,pg.19). This battle tactic is portrayed in the beginning of the movie when Maximus tells Quintus that it is not time to fight, this shows Maximus planning out the outcome of the battle.Government Structure/PoliticsIn the movie Gladiator government structure and politics are portrayed through the constant struggle between the Senate and the Emperor to gain power. Rome was founded as a Republic and in a Republic the senate has the power. Commodus did not share his fathers perspective that power should be given back to the people of Rome and end the corruption that cripples it. Commodus believes that for the health of Rome, the senate must be annihilated. Commodus believed that the Republic and the Senators scheme and deceive and therefore Rome must be saved from the politicians. Commodus idea of the Senate is what made Marcus Aurelius make Maximus the protector of Rome after he dies, Maximus had not been corrupted by the politic s, Commodus is not a moral man and therefore he must not rule. The Senate is the people chosen from among the people to speak for the people Commodus proclaimed that Rome did not need a Senate and that it takes an Emperor to rule an Empire. In order to gain the approval and admiration of the people of Rome Commodus used a tactical strategy of fear and wonder, this was a powerful combination. Commodus knows what Rome is, Rome is the mob as he conjures magic by reinstating the gladiatorial games, the people are distracted and have no idea of what Rome is going to become. As Senator Gracchus proclaimed the overcome heart of Rome is not the marble of the Senate it is the sand of the Colosseum. This proclamation is important because Commodus will bring death and he will be loved for that. Commodus breathing in is to make Rome the world of the ages and to overthrow the Senate. When the rules or constitution, of Roman government were first worked out, there was no word for emperor. They wanted a republican rule, which meant rule through elected officials (Corbishley, 2004, pg.36). The rule of an Emperor threatened the idea of democracy because not only did the Emperor have authority over the government but also the Emperor had the power to preside over and to control the Senate at his command. In the movie Senator Gracchus does not pretend to be a man of the people but rather a man for the people, this is the central idea of what the Senate represents. The senate initially is an aristocratic council, an advisory body to the Emperor of Rome the senate was the power base during the Republic. The name of the Roman Republic under the power of the senate was SPQR this signature is seen on Maximus arm and it is a symbol of the government and an insignia of the Roman legions. With a strong army understructure a General they could be extremely political depicting a threat to the government. In the movie the revolution of threatening the government is seen when Maximus com mands the loyalty of the army and this induces that Maximus a slave has become more powerful than the Emperor.GladiatorsThe movie focuses on the idea of gladiators forced to fight to death to entertain the crowds. Gladiators were slaves, criminals or prisoners that fought each other or wild animals to amuse the bloodthirsty spectators. The Colosseum was the scene of public entertainment was the deliberate slaughter of human beings was used as a means of entertainment. close to gladiators were specifically trained at gladiator schools (Macdonald, 2005, pg.35). This is portrayed in the movie when Proximo is purchasing the slaves from the slave-seller and brought them to his gladiator school to learn how to fight. The successful gladiators became famous and attracted the crowds Maximus became the to the highest degree famous and admired gladiator. Maximus is the gladiator that defied an Empire to protect Rome. Proximo is paid signifying that he profits from the gladiators death. The rare man who survived the arena repeatedly demonstrated his strength and daring could win the wooden sword (rudius) from the Emperor, signifying his liberation (Colliers, 1995, pg. 129). This is portrayed in the movie when Proximo proclaims to Maximus that he wasnt the best because he killed quickly, he was the best because the crowd loved and admired him. If you win the crowd you win your freedom. Proximo won his freedom and the Emperor Marcus Aurelius presented him with a rudius (wooden sword), which is a symbol of freedom. Every victory Maximus had been an act of defiance to Commodus because Maximus had the power to amuse the mob and the mob is Rome.

John Hancock Essay -- essays research papers

In all of American history, there are many men who stand out and punctuate the history ofour country. This man, rear end autograph, is whiz of those extraordinary men that stand out.Johns life began on January 16, 1736 in Braintree, Massachuchetts.John was the middle child of three. He was the son of (Rev.) John Hancock, born on June 1, 1702 in Lexington, Massachuchetts and son of Mary Hawke, born on October 13, 1711 in Hingham, Massachuchetts. Mary was once married before she married John Hancock Sr. Her previous marriage ended in her former husbands death.(Rev.) John Hancock was well-liked by his parish, was paid well, and was provided a very loose home. In return of their generosity, he was a "faithful shepard." He kept an attentive watch over the morals and religious well-being of all members of the parish. ever so since Johns (Jr.) birth, he was perceived to go to Harvard. At the age of six, his parents sent him to a local dame school. Later he was sent to another(p renominal) school, in which he might have met John Adams, with whom he struck up a casual acquaintance. Like all the other children in town, he learned the basics of reading, writing, and figuring.All things seemed to go well, until the spring of 1774. His father came down with an illness, that later would be the cause of his death. His sadness grew more because of the reason that they would have to move. Marys parents were both dead and a very difficult decision would have to be made by Mary.Her anxiety to make that decision was lessened by the invitation from thebishop and his wife, to live with them in Lexington. A year later, John was sent away to live with his uncle Thomas and aunt Lydia, and to attend Boston Latin School. It isnt certainly if he moved there to live with his uncle or to attend that school. What is beyond dispute, though, is that this move alter radically John Hancocks life and altered the history of America, as well.The August after John arrived, his uncle an d him went down to the schooland applied. John was accepted almost immediately, after reading some verses from the bible. His age though caused a slight problem. He was almost nine years of age and all the first graders were almost seven. The master of the school, John Lovell, found a subtle solution. Since John was excellently trained in Lexington, Lowell moved him up to third grade.John was neither ... ... the troops stayed, more bloodshed would occurand his troops would be in danger. Another act was passed and this was the Tea Act. The British thought that this was a very good idea, but it was a double threat10to him. It worried him that the British were utilize this as an opening to acquire other trade. To him, the more important thing was the political implications. Americans were being asked to financethe destruction of their own rights. That fateful night, in which the throwing of the tea occurred, was one that will always be remembered. Before the unloading of the tea, a brush was held, in which they decided to do, what they did. John Hancock was able say, in a intent of order, "Let every man do what is right in his own eyes."11 Shortly afterwards, Samuel Adams gave the signal for the men to go on the ship, after declaring " this meeting can do nothingmore to save the country."John Hancock would go on to be the first signer of the Declaration Of Independence. John was a very smart, thought-provoking man. He was well-liked and known by all.John Hancock, in my eyes, is a true patriot. He will always been known to Americans, inone way or another.

British Telecom Essay -- GCSE Business Management Studies Essays

British TelecomMy aim in this investigation is to discuss whether or not BritishTelecom has successfully grown and developed since its Privatisationto compete on a world scale. In addition to this has it any long-termstrategies for future growth and development of products.According to the 1996 work out Red Book, more than 50 major businesses claim been privatised since 1979 and the state owned sector of industryhas been reduced be two-thirds. British Telecom was privatised in1984, with no major restructuring. This meant that a public monopolywas transferred directly into private hands, this natural monopolybenefited from having economies of scale. Of scat this move had itsadvantages but there were also disadvantages. These were mainly amongthe staff who now had often less of an easy time in work. Not onlythis but as a result of privatisation the company obviously becamecost effective and jobs were lost in cast to reduce costs.Privatisation is seen as a way of reasserting consume r sovereignty,raising standards of provision, of increasing efficiency and ofreducing costs.There are many reasons to why the Government chose a course ofdenationalisation. State monopolies create inefficiency, are poor ininnovation and restrict consumer choice instead of the consumer beingsovereign, power has been transferred to the state and itsbureaucracies. Before privatisation all nationalised companies had tohave their expenditure passed by the Treasury, because of this theyfound it difficult to raise money. During these years almost 250,000people who wanted a new phone line couldnt get them and BT didnt cope what to charge the people who did have them. Privatisation gavecompanies t... ...nge from Mercury and have seen their share pricerise from an initial 130p back in 1984 to an incredible 1351p now.BT, while being a natural monopoly in Britain realise that theirposition is being challenged. Although their share of the land-linemarket has still nearly been all encompassing t hey have seen that themarket as a whole decrease as almost half of the UK population havegone out and bought mobile phones. In answer to this threat BT haveinterpreted up a strong position in the mobile phone market themselves,competing alongside the big guns such as Orange and Vodafone. Throughseveral(prenominal) acquisitions they have established themselves as a leadingcompany with 7 million UK customers and very sound plans for thefuture, which they see as being a merger of the latest mobilephone technology along with the immense power the Internet has tooffer.