Cybercrime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cybercrime - Essay Example Apart from this, it also reflects the computer-content acts with regard to the confidentiality along with accessibility of the computer systems (NCPC, â€Å"Preventing Identity Theft: A Guide for Consumers†). Thesis Statement. This study intends to delineate definitions and examples related to cyber-theft and cyber vandalism. Apart from this, the study will also determine the reasons and significant challenges with respect to the traditional law enforcement and other issues associated with cybercrime. Cyber theft primarily refers to an act by which the internet is used in order to steal, interfere or enjoy someone else’s property. In simpler term, cyber theft is executed to derive others’ financial and personal information for illegal use. One of the examples of cyber theft is hacking of a bank’s computer data for wrongfully transferring the financial information and monetary amount i.e. ‘Nigerian prince email’. Another example of cyber theft is hacking of accounts of Barclays Bank (The Huffington Post, â€Å"Barclays Bank Cyber Theft: 8 Arrested For Allegedly Hacking Computer System, Stealing $2 Million†). Vandalism is the concept that reflects an action that involves the destruction or damage with respect to the public or the private property. Cyber vandalism is carried out mainly using electronic information. It has been further observed that specific crimes with regard to cyber vandalism include website defacement. Furthermore, the attacks with respect to social web pages are also regarded as cyber vandalism. One instance of cyber vandalism is the hacking along with impairment of ‘Google’s Pakistan page’. The hackers’ replaced the logo of the ‘Google’s Pakistan page’ by ‘two penguins walking up a bridge at sunset’ (The Express Tribune News Network, â€Å"Cyber vandalism: Hackers deface Google Pakistan†). Moreover, the other example of cyber vandalism is gaining access of the United

Personal Narrative - A Journey :: Personal Narrative Writing

A Journey I am by myself wearing my blue jeans and an old flannel shirt. It is cool outside but I decided to leave my gloves at home, feeling comfortable with my warm shirt and my sturdy boots. It is just me and the woods. I take nothing with me when I leave, because I know that I won't be gone too long. It is early fall so it is cool outside but not cold. I am back on teh east coast walking through the woods of the Appalachins. The leaves have begun turning colors so there is a beautiful aray of oranges, yellows, greens, and reds. The red colors of the leaves remind me of the maple trees that used to be outside of my house. I remember looking at the red leaves on those trees the evening of our homecoming football game when Paul came over. The floor of the forest is damp but not muddy. There are moss covered stones that litter the path I am walking. Some of them are loose, and others are firmly embedded in the ground. For the most part they are the rocks that you have to watch out for when your are running a cross-country race so that you do not sprain your ankle. They are the type of rocks that are annoying at picnics and camp fires because they are not big enough to sit on and too big to move. I keep walking because I know that ahead of me is a small stream where I can quietly sit and listen to the water. It is small enough that some rocks portrude above the water and I could walk across if I wanted to. As I walk towards the stream I see a bottle that is empty and crushed. At one point it had been a bottle filled with mineral water for someone who had been hiking through the woods on a health trip. When I see it I don't stop to pick it up, but I make a mental note of its locations so I can grab it on my way back. Once I reach the stream I sit on a rock and watch the water tumble over and around the stones in the creek bed. As I sit there a deer appears on the other side of the stream. Not a buck, but just a standard doe.

Fiction Essay: A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay

The choices that we make determine who we truly are. The immense pressure of certain situations in which we are faced will ultimately differentiate the type person that we think we are, from the kind of person that we actually are. In the short story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find â€Å"Author Flannery O’Connor tells a story about a family that includes a Grandmother and her superficial beliefs. The family ultimately crosses paths with â€Å"The Misfit† that is on the loose, who represents the total opposite of what the grandmother is perceived to be. O’Conner uses the characterization of both the Misfit and the grandmother throughout the plot in order to reveal the theme of this piece which is achieved when the grandmother is finally brought to grace. In the start of the piece O’Conner brings the reader into a conversation that is taking place between the grandmother and her only son Bailey. The family is planning a trip to Florida in which the Grandmother is strongly opposed. She attempts to find every reason that she can possibly come up with to convince her son to change the destination of the trip from Florida to Tennessee. Throughout the story the grandmother gives the impression that she is a figure of grace, dignity and prestige. Although she did not want to attend the trip she is the first person in the car the next morning, ready to go. She is dressed very carefully because she sees herself as lady who is very polite and astute and she must be seen by others in the same manner. She also takes advantage of every opportunity to correct her grandchildren when making remarks that are less than courteous. When the children see the black child sitting on the porch they begin to giggle, she quickly reminds them that â€Å"black children in the country don’t have the things we do†. She tries to teach the children to respect the land in their native state of Georgia when the children try to throw trash out the window of the car and June Star makes the comment that Tennessee is â€Å"a hillbilly dumping ground and Georgia is a lousy state too. †The grandmother again hisses at June Star when she makes the impolite statement that â€Å"I wouldn’t live in a broken down place like this for a million bucks†. One of the ways that O’Conner characterized the grandmother is being manipulative. Knowing what to do and say in order for her to achieve whatever it was that she wanted. An example of this being true is by her sneaking the cat into the car against her son’s wishes. Another is after the family had left The Tower and she manipulated the children into believing that the house she wanted to visit had a secret a panel. After getting the children riled up about the secret panel they nagged until Bailey finally had no choice to but to turn around and go down the deserted dirt road. After traveling down this dirt road a while the grandmother realizes that the house that she remembered was in Tennessee. As she comes to this realization the cat springs out and frightens Bailey and he drives the car over the embankment. The grandmother hopes that she is injured so that her son will have sympathy for her and she would not have to reveal her mistaking the location of the house. O’Conner has used the characterization of the grandmother and her family as well as the plot to this point in order to give an account of what type of person the grandmother is based off her actions. A man with two others arrived in a car and they got out and to help the family. The grandmother reveals that the man is â€Å"The Misfit† that she had seen in the newspaper. It seems as if the misfit’s attention had suddenly reverted from assisting the family to now killing the family based on her recognition of him. The Misfit has Hiram and Bobby Lee to take Bailey and John Wesley out to the woods first because they could be the most troublesome of the bunch. Shortly after, they take the mother and her baby into the woods and June star takes Bobby Lee’s hand and follows. As stated in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Spoiled Prophet† written by T. W. Hendricks, â€Å"the family members enter the fatal woods without resisting†. This is said to be because they are accustomed to doing what is expected of them. They are not capable of acting on their own interest because none of them truly know who they are. The only exception to this being the grandmother who is considered to be a round character whose personality has been fully developed throughout the story. While Bobby Lee and Hiram are in the process of murdering the rest of her family she is pleading with the Misfit to spare her life. He rejects all of her attempts to talk him out of his murderous intentions. The story then goes on to the duel, what O’Conner considers to be the theme of the story. This conflict is between the grandmother’s belief that she is morally superior to everyone, and the misfits close examination of his life as well as his self awareness that he is not a good man. This critical part of the story takes place during the dialogue that ensues between the misfit and the grandmother. The grandmother insists that the misfit is too good a man to shoot a lady. With this attempt to save her own life she is appealing the decency of the man. The grandmother tells his that â€Å"I know you must come from nice people. † He says that he does come from the finest people in the world, but the he is not a good man. The grandmother begins to lose her voice as she realizes that her son and grandson were killed and that her daughter in law as well the rest of her grandchildren were about to be killed, and that she would soon follow. The misfit goes on to explain to the grandmother that Jesus has thrown everything off balance. He compared himself to Jesus in the sense that he had been punished but hadn’t committed any crimes. The Fact that Jesus was also able to know what he was being punished for ate at him because he had no idea what he was being punished for. He had come to the conclusion that the punishments that he had gone through did not fit the crime that he was accused of. The grandmother repeatedly urged the Misfit to pray. Praying would not help the misfit because he doesn’t see what he has done as being a sin. The misfit believes that there is no hope for a good life in this world or any hope for bliss in the next life. He says that â€Å"it’s nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the best way you can—by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. † This is considered to be the Misfit’s motivation for him committing these murders. The grandmother see’s something in the Misfit that makes him like one of her own children, one of her sheep that have only strayed off course. The grandmother reaches out to touch the misfit both spiritually and physically but instead of breaking down, the misfit jumps back and fire 3 shots into her chest. O’Conner intended for the grandmothers last moments to be led by grace. In the end she was personally connected with the misfit and genuinely concerned about him as a person. It is this connection to being compared to a child that the misfit takes issue with. He mistakes her gesture for a form of belittlement. In the short story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† the characters, characterization of the characters, the occurrences throughout the plot as well as the conflict are all literary elements critical to reaching the final â€Å"coming to grace† theme of the story.

The Effect Of Plant Richness On The Insect Community

The purpose of this study was to compare the insects of the meadow with insects of the wooden area. Hadded (2001) previously conducted an experiment on the effect of plant richness on the insect community in the meadows. He found that three type of results were present; some created abundance, some were unaffected and some had a positive effect on the plant’s richness. It was found that insects do contribute to its community and help with the growth of its habitat. The habitat in the meadow area has different insects than the wooden area, due to the different type of grass, temperature, water availability and more. To examine the species that live in the area, many different type of experiments had to be conducted. Different areas affect the species and insects that reside there. As an example, butterflies are affected by their habitat and landscape area. Liivmagi (2014) examined how much area butterflies needed and compared the positive and negative impacts of each area. Their expectation was different than reality, even though there was a positive interaction between the butterflies and the space of the forest, the meadow that’s surrounding the area is negatively impacted by the butterflies. Their results were to conduct the experiment and examine what the butterflies’ needs and what area will they be better suited. The meadow area that was examined had tall grasses all the way down the hill, as for the wooden area, it was surrounded by trees that block the sun and isShow MoreRelatedThe Biodiversity At Lido Beach3355 Words   |  14 Pagesconclusions. Nonetheless, it provided valuable information on the subject of the study. The results for the entire class data indicated that for richness, there was a positive correlation between the family richness of the samples and the distance from the path. Specific results for one group for each sample point indicated that for richness, there was more richness observed near the path than away from it. For evenness, the results indicated that as the distance from the path increased, the evennessRead MoreThe Degradation Of Coastal Wetlands2406 Words   |  10 Pagesal. 2012). It is estimated that coastal wetlands are being lost at the rate of two times the rate at which they are being restored. Salt marshes are found amid human developments and coastal areas and play an important role in protecting these communities from the threats posed by being close to the coast. Depending on the density of vegetation, production of biomass, and the size of the marsh, salt marshes provide many critical ecosystem services, such as, stabilization of the shoreline, weakeningRead MoreUnderstanding The Condition Of Basalt Quarry1451 Words   |  6 PagesCurrently quarry has been stoped there, but it disturbed the natural ecology environment, which was present there before quarry. Because of quarry barren land and degraded land is left, which has no meaning. The soil condition also degraded there, which effect the growth of trees. 41 hectares is the total area of exhausted quarry. The M/S Prabhakar P.Bhagwat associate, a landscape firm have been taken the responsibility to improve the ecosystem. Bhagwat associate have the responsibility to recreate theRead MoreThe Effects Of Long Term Indu strial Pollution1378 Words   |  6 PagesWe examined the effects of long-term industrial pollution, characterized by elevated soil concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn, on the abundance and diversity of grasshopper communities in grass strips along the edges of farmland at various distances from an industrial complex in the Al-Tebbin region of South Cairo, Egypt. Six sites up to 10 km upwind from the main sources of industrial pollution were selected. Grasshoppers were collected monthly from June to October in 2012 and 2013 by sweep-netRead MoreLand Pollution : The Solutions, Causes And Effects Of Land Pollution1613 Words   |  7 Pagespollution) on a broad scale, relating things to the whole world. As we get deeper into our topic we will go more in depth into how land pollution affects our community and how we can relate to it in our everyday life. The main questions that we will be answering in this paper is;what is land pollution?, what are the causes and effects of land pollution?, what are the different types of land pollution?, and how can we prevent land pollution? According to eschooltoday.com, Land pollutionRead MoreBiodiversity. Biodiversity Is The Variability Among Living1684 Words   |  7 Pageseach species that live in a location. These countless species of plants, animals, and microbes affect our daily life in more ways than we know. Species diversity is truly a magnificent process since all species are connected one way or another continuing the cycle of life. Providing us with energy converted from sunlight and much more.There are over 1.8 million different species sustaining life on Earth, from which 1 million are insects! The main spot for species diversity is in tropical rainforestsRead MoreThe s Health And The General Economy1576 Words   |  7 Pagesfor any reason it happened, the Pro-GMO reassured the delegates and myself that there will be no contamination. According to Roller (2001), â€Å"Field studies have shown that pollen from GM plants is rarely carried over very long distances† (p. 261). Outcrossing from GM plants to local crops have an indirect effect on food safety and security. By adopting strategies such as an explicit separation of the field within GM crops and local crops that are grown or using greenhouses can decrease the probabilityRead MoreThe s Health And The General Economy1628 Words   |  7 Pagesfor any reason it happened, the Pro-GMO reassured the delegates and myself that there will be no contamination. According to Roller (2001), â€Å"Field studies have shown that pollen from GM plants is rarely carried over very long distances† (p. 261). Outcrossing from GM plants to local crops have an indirect effect on food safety and security. By adopting strategies such as a clear separation of the field within GM crops and local crops that are grown or using greenhouses can decrease the probabilityRead MoreThe Impact Of Fragmentation Process On Genetic Diversity And Gene Flow1418 Words   |  6 Pagesavoid displacement to begin with (Begon et al., 2005). Forest fragmentation has three main effects on species diversity a) Reduction of overall numbers of individuals b) Reduction of mean population sizes as individuals are restricted to small fragments c) Spatial isolation of remaining populations within a non-forest-like land use matrix. The genetic results of these changes are mediated by their effects on the main genetic processes of genetic drift, gene flow, selection and mating. These processesRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation And Agriculture On The Natural System1891 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effect of Deforestation and Agriculture on The Natural System The Earth is full of natural resources and it was generous enough to sustain life for living organisms on it for many years. By the technological advancement of the last two centuries and the exponential population growth, Humans needed to dig deeper in oceans and plant more land to sustain life on earth. Agriculture helped sustaining people’s needs in many fields and mankind relied on it for years. Human’s greed to get the maximum

What Is a Maxim

Before even knowing what a maxim is, there’s a good chance you’re a collector of them without realizing it, and you’re probably using them more than you know. Theyre often the words of wisdom on refrigerator magnets, coffee mugs, T-shirts, and greeting cards. Sometimes you’ll find them displayed in a subway station, at a gym, or in a hospital waiting room. If you’re listening to a motivational speaker, you’ll most likely catch a few in his or her speech. And you can have fun trying to find them in literature, movies, and television shows too. When you’re writing or speaking, maxims are an easy way for adding spice and color to what you have to say.   Definition A maxim (MAKS-im) is a compact expression of a general truth or rule of conduct. Also known as a  proverb, saying, adage, sententia, and precept. In classical rhetoric, maxims were regarded as formulaic ways of conveying the common wisdom of the people. Aristotle observed that a maxim may serve as the premise or conclusion of an enthymeme. Etymology The word maxim comes from the Latin word  meaning â€Å"greatest.† Examples and Observations Never trust a man who says,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Trust me.†You’re either part of the solution or part of the problem.â€Å"Nothing ever goes away.†(Barry Commoner, American ecologist)Sherlock Holmes: Would you stand up?Dr. John Watson: Whatever for?Sherlock Holmes: It is an old maxim of mine that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. Therefore, you are sitting on my pipe.(John Neville and Donald Houston in â€Å"A Study in Terror,†Ã‚  1965)â€Å"Think sideways!†(Edward De Bono, â€Å"The Use of Lateral Thinking,† 1967)â€Å"Start with a phenomenon that nearly everyone both accepts and considers well understood—‘hot hands’ in basketball. Now and then, someone just gets hot, and can’t be stopped. Basket after basket falls in—or out as with ‘cold hands,’ when a man can’t buy a bucket for love or money (choose your clichà ©). The reason for thi s phenomenon is clear enough; it lies embodied in the maxim: ‘When youre hot, you’re hot; and when youre not, youre not.’†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(Stephen Jay Gould, â€Å"The Streak of Streaks,†Ã‚  1988)â€Å"Everybody knows about hot hands. The only problem is that no such phenomenon exists.†(Stephen Jay Gould, â€Å"The Streak of Streaks,†Ã‚  1988)â€Å"Almost every wise saying has an opposite one, no less wise, to balance it.†(George Santayana) Maxims as Tools of Argument in Classical Rhetoric In the Rhetoric, Book II, Chapter 21,  Aristotle treated maxims as a prelude to his discussion of the enthymeme, because, as he observed, maxims often constitute one of the premises of a syllogistic argument. For instance, in an argument about financial matters, one can imagine a disputant saying, A fool and his money are soon parted. The full argument suggested by this proverb would run something like this: A fool and his money are soon parted.John Smith is undeniably a fool when it comes to money matters.John Smith is sure to lose out on his investment. The value of maxims, according to Aristotle, is that they invest a discourse with ‘moral character,’ with that ethical appeal so important in persuading others. Because maxims touch upon universal truths about life, they win ready assent from the audience.†(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, â€Å"​Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student.† Oxford University Press, 1999)â€Å"The orator, says [Giambattista]  Vico, ‘speaks in maxims.’ But he must produce these maxims offhandedly; as practical matters always require immediate solutions, he does not have the time of the dialectician. He must be able to quickly think in enthymemic terms.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(Catalina Gonzalez, â€Å"Vico’s  Institutiones Oratoriae.†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Rhetorical Agendas,† ed. by  Ã‚  Patricia Bizzell. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006)   â€Å"Too many cooks spoil the broth† â€Å"‘Too many cooks spoil the broth’—so goes a proverb that is as familiar to most Americans as its meaning. The Iranians expressed the same thought with different words: ‘Two midwives will deliver a baby with a crooked head.’ So do the Italians: ‘With so many roosters crowing, the sun never comes up.’ The Russians: ‘With seven nurses, the child goes blind.’ And the Japanese: ‘Too many boatmen run the boat up to the top of the mountain.’†(â€Å"Language: The Wild Flower of Thought.†Ã‚  Time, March 14, 1969)â€Å"Having passed through several different studios over its 15-year development, sci-fi comedy ‘Duke Nukem Forever’ sets a new precedent for how too many cooks really can get busy with the spoilage.†(Stuart Richardson, â€Å"Duke Nukem Forever‚Review.† The Guardian, June 17, 2011)â€Å"Does the adage too many cooks spoil the broth  apply to fiction? Readers of the novel ‘No Rest For The Dead’  will soon find out. The 26 authors invited to take part in the series have combined sales of tens of millions of books.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(â€Å"No Rest For The Dead: New Crime Thriller Co-Written by 26 Authors.†Ã‚  The Telegraph, July 5, 2011) The Lighter Side of Maxims Dr. Frasier Crane: There’s an old real estate maxim that says the three most important things when looking for a property are location, location, location.Woody Boyd:  That’s just one thing.Dr. Frasier Crane: That’s the point, Woody.Woody Boyd:  What, that real estate people are stupid?Dr. Frasier Crane: No, that location is the one most important thing in real estate.Woody Boyd: Then why do they say that it’s three things?Dr. Frasier Crane: Because real estate people are stupid.(Kelsey Grammer and Woody Harrelson in â€Å"A Bar Is Born.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cheers,† 1989)

Feminist View on the Great Gatsby Essay - 1070 Words

Susan B. Anthony once said â€Å"The true republic: Men, their rights and nothing more; Women, their rights and nothing less.† This is her point of view on the way women were thought of during the 1920s. She recognizes the large gap between women and men’s rights. During this time though, many changes had began. Women just got the right to vote, therefore gaining more independence of their own which they did not always know how to use. This is also when the trend of a flapper began. Views changed from politics to social lives, hem lines were raised, and risks were taken. The confusion of this time for most men is easily seen in The Great Gatsby. In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, women are portrayed as a minor role†¦show more content†¦She is shown as selfish and not trustworthy. Nick Carraway, the narrator, realizes this also. While running into Tom after Gatsby’s death he makes the comment â€Å"you know what I think of you† (179). This is Nick referring to his anger towards tom and daisy for betraying Gatsby. Daisy was supposedly in love with Gatsby, until she killed Myrtle and knew that Tom could keep her from getting caught. She left Gatsby behind in the dust, and let Tom blame him for the murder of Myrtle. Myrtle, before her death, is another example of being unfaithful. She lies to Wilson regularly about going into town with Tom, she is happier with Tom. If it was not for the inconvenience of getting a divorce she possibly would have. Instead though, she decides to build a web of lies and live by them. Wilson does not even realize he is being betrayed until he finds the expensive dog collar. Myrtle â€Å"trie[s] to tell [him] something funny about it, but [he] knew it was something funny† (158). He came to the conclusion then that he had always been suspicious of; myrtle had not been faithful to him. Women were thought of as deceiving during this time period, as it was reflected into The Great Gatsby. The way that men thought of women during the 1920s is shown all throughout this novel. The way men saw them, the way they saw themselves, and the way they were struggling toShow MoreRelatedThe Feminist Criticism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1697 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the feminist criticism, everything seems somehow related to everything else. Feminism is involved in any given field cannot be cordoned off. Marxism, however, ignored the position of women which is strange as its key concepts are the â€Å"struggle between social classes and the blinding effects of ideology†, it might have been employed to analyze the social situation of women. Feminism saw clearly that the widespread of negative stereotyping of women in literature and film constituted a formidableRead MoreThe Changes in the Role of Women throughout Different Eras1381 Words   |  6 Pagesstronger social position in a world dominated by man through acquiring the freedom to express their sexuality, expand feminist ideas, and provide stability for economic equality. This revolution is evident in The Crucible, The Yellow Wallpaper, and The Great Gatsby. In the Puritan era, women cannot express themselves or have any rights or equality amongst men. Men in Puritan times do not view women as equals, consequently giving women less rights than men. Giles Corey from The Crucible by Arthur MillerRead MoreEssay about How can Gatsby be called Great1327 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald’s novel ‘The Great Gatsby’ can be seen as incredibly ironic: not only can the ‘greatness’ of the eponymous character be vehemently contested, he is not even named ‘Gatsby’. In fact, he is a criminal, James Gatz, who, although he appears to be an epitome of the idealistic American Dream, having grown from an impoverished childhood into a life of excess and splendour, he has obtained everything through crime and corruption. Indeed, it has been said that ‘The Great Gatsby’ is â€Å"a parable of disenchantmentRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1272 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneration. The wise w riter writes for the youth of his own generation, the critics of the next, and the schoolmasters of ever afterward.† F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of The Great Gatsby, describes his own insight to his writing techniques, which gain his success through the agelessness of his novels. This is clear with The Great Gatsby, a novel narrated by the character Nick Caraway and centered on Jay Gatsby’s short-lived life. This novel is a timeless piece of literature that is still relevant to AmericanRead MoreThe Evolution of Women in Literature947 Words   |  4 Pages In Scott Fitzgerald’s writing, Great Gatsby, the reader will see his portrayal of the â€Å"roaring twenties† in America witch shows the downfall society and the loss of morality in the public. Fitzgerald’s fictional characters all help further show this breakdown in society through the eyes of our narriortor Nick Carraway. Nick gives the reader a firsthand look into the personal lives of some of New York’s wealthiest citizens Daisy and Tom Buchanan, and Jay Gatsby. The women of the time were just startingRead MoreOm and M2457 Words   |  10 Pagesnovels comment and criticise on the societies which they are set in.  Ã‚      We are introduced to both novels in the 1920s elite society where both authors; Waugh and Fitzgerald are from an upper class society. Fitzgerald cultivates the character Jay Gatsby who we perceive purely from Nick who is an onlooker throughout the novella. Readers interpret Gatsby’s social structure as a triangle and we learn to commiserate him whereas Waugh invents the character Paul Pennyfeather who is a naà ¯ve, passive characterRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay2486 Words   |  10 PagesThe great Gatsby shows an American culture in a certain time period. F. Scott Fitzgerald fits the modernist movement, as he writes about the horrid truth about desire and hope and how the necessity for material gain can destroy the value of life. He focuses on the culture of the twentieth century, including the growing of urbanization using the idea of self-interest through his literature. He describes the modern concept through reflecting on the flourishing middle an d upper classes. The great GatsbyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby, no important woman character?1754 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Daisy Buchanan is an important woman character, but only in relation to Jay Gatsby’s dream. Ever since Gatsby had come back from the army, he had longed to have Daisy back in his life, and so everything he did and built up was in some way for her (e.g. his house and the parties he threw). Nick says: â€Å"He talked a lot about the past, and I gathered that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy†Read MoreThe 1920S Were An Influential Era In American History For1413 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the historical context of the stereotypical â€Å"new woman† to create his female characters. Each woman exemplifies a different type of woman in the 1920s, differentiated by their social class, physical appearances, and personalities. Daisy was the ignorant, irresponsible, pampered young lady. Jordan was the mysterious, unmarried, rebellious woman. Myrtle was nothing more than a sex object, a prize to be won for the satisfaction of men. The Great Gatsby appears toRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And The Handmaid s Tale : Crushing Dreams2951 Words   |  12 PagesRilye Fries Mrs. Tucker English 12 hour 3 13 March 2015 The Great Gatsby and The Handmaid’s Tale: Crushing Dreams The Great Gatsby is regarded as a classic novel for its sad and hopeful story of Jay Gatsby and his quest to obtain Daisy Buchanan, his first love. Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid s Tale is regarded as a more modern day classic, taking place in a dystopian society where women are regarded as sex slaves and the Bible is law. Both F. Scott Fitzgerald and Margaret Atwood, despite having

Analyze the causes of the Rwandan Genocide Free Essays

string(65) " asserting that they want â€Å"to promote a democratic revolution\." Introduction The term ‘Genocide’ is derived from the combination of the Greek word ‘genos’ (race) with the Latin word ‘cide’ (killing) which was created by Raphael Lemkin who was a Polish writer and attorney in 1941. The definition of the tern ‘Genocide’ according to the UN Convention on Genocide of December 1948 states â€Å"any of the following acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such†: this incorporates the following; such as the killing members of a group, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring-about its physical destruction in whole or in part or imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyze the causes of the Rwandan Genocide or any similar topic only for you Order Now bbc.co.uk/news/world-11108059 The Twentieth Century witnessed an unprecedented numbers of genocides. However the most chilling of them all was the Rwandan genocide because it was the most rapidly executed state sponsored mass murder and it could have been prevented. Between April and July of 1994, an estimated eight hundred thousand people were murdered in Rwanda, in what was eventually called a genocide. It was the genocide of the Tutsi by the ruling class Hutus. There were many key contributing elements that culminated in the the execution of a targeted race on such a large scale. The source of the cause of the genocide was a result of ethnic tension between the Hutus and Tutsi race. Historical factors One of the main causes of the genocide in Rwanda can be traced back to the period of colonial rule over Rwanda, where numerous policies of the imperialists left the Rwandan society divided with tensions searing among its population during and after this colonial period. Rwanda was originally ruled by the German empire but later by the Germans after World War I until the independence of Rwanda in 1962. During the Belgian rule, the ruling Belgians had initially favored the Tutsi minority and used them to rule over Rwanda indirectly. For years the Tutsi minority had power and control, this is because the Europeans saw the Hutu as inferior, this in turn saw the systematic oppression of this group. This had lasted until the independence of Rwanda in 1962. (Destexhe, 1995) For 60 years, the colonial policies of divide and conquer strategy to rule over Rwanda, caused fierce resentment. Before the colonization, according to Melvern (2000:11) the two ethnic groups, the tutsis and hutus had shared various social commonalities, he pointed out that they shared the same language, way of life, existed and lived alongside each other in the same community , they were said to have also intermarried. However, the Belgian implemented various reforms on its colony Rwanda during the period from the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s, where they had determined a crucial distinction between the natives, they claimed the Hutus to be the indigenous Bantu and Tutsis as alien Hamites. As the Europeans imperialist came to Africa they developed admiration for the ruling Tutsi group. They were convinced that the success of the Tutsi political and economic sectors revealed their superiority. Europeans concluded that since the Tutsi ruled over the Hutu and Twa, they were also like them. (Destexhe, 1995) This view held by the colonialists of one race superior above another, was a major cause for the subsequent genocide. The Europeans deduced the Tutsi race were not really sub-Saharan Africans, instead they were those who were likely from the ancient Egyptians lineage. This view led to the creation of a a disturbing and controversial fallacy, the colonialists spread the ‘Hamitic myth’, which supported the view the â€Å"Tutsi and everything humanly superior in Central Africa came from ancient Egypt or Abyssinia†. Melvern argued that this Hamitic theory, â€Å"explained away every sign of civilisation in tropical Africa as a foreign import.† The fabrication of the Hutu and Tutsi races were based on categories of different socio-economic positions within Rwandan society. In order to categorise them the Belgians adopted a measure to divide the people of rwanda, they used ownership of cows as the key criteria for deciding which group an individual belonged to. Those with 10 or more cows were Tutsi along with all their descendants in the male line and those with less were regarded as a Hutu. Although it has been argued by some the Belgians did not arbitrarily cook up the Hutu/Tutsi distinction, but what they did was to take an existing socio-political distinction and radicalize it. this also explains that ‘Rwanda’s bloodbath was not tribal. It was rather a distinctly modern tragedy, a degenerated class conflict, according to Pottier (2002:9), The 60 years of such prejudicial fabrications might have ‘ended by inflating the Tutsi cultural ego inordinately and crushing Hutu feelings until they coalesced into an aggressively resentful inferiority complex’. this was an important factor, in-regard-to the causes of the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda because of the resentment that had boiled up among the Hutu populations over the colonial preference of the Tutsis. The colonization of Rwanda played a major role in the contributing elements that lead to the genocide, for example, the policies implemented by the Belgians saw the adoption of identity cards, which highlighted the ethnic background a person; whether they were a Tutsi, Hutu or Twa. This had the effect of attaching a sub national identity to all Rwandans and dividing the nation into categories. This lead to, a perception of a hierarchy among these race groups, which further added to the resentment, which added to the bitterness; this would later help to fuel the massacre at an alarming rate. However, during the late 1950s Rwanda witnessed a shift in colonial attitude, the Belgian rulers changed their â€Å"policy of discrimination in the to favour the Hutu†, as they had realised that dominance of the Hutu majority was almost certain. Therefore colonial empire took their side and , asserting that they want â€Å"to promote a democratic revolution. You read "Analyze the causes of the Rwandan Genocide" in category "Essay examples"† 1957 saw a significant development, that highlighted the level of division that was created, in that, a group of nine Hutu intellectuals had published the Hutu Manifesto, which protested against the political, economic and educational dominance of the Tutsi ‘race’ and set apart the Tutsi race as foreign aggressors, it called for Hutu in all discipline, also it insisted that identity cards were to remain in order to keep track of the ‘race monopoly.’ However, theTutsi elite had refuted this Hutu Manifesto and held the colonial rulers for the racial problems within the country. Rwanda gained independence on 1 July 1962. After independence was declared, The Hutus secured control. This was a major turning point in Rwanda, as this would lead to actions adopted by this Hutu government that would marginalise the Tutsi minority. As the Hutus utilised this moment to weaken the Tutsis by using â€Å"false propaganda† of the Tutsis having â€Å"usurped Hutus in secondary and higher teaching institutions and in employment, public administration, and the private sector to advance their cause.† The measures employed by the Hutus against the Tutsis was more than spreading propaganda, they used this method to sanction the killing and isolation of the Tutsi race by prohibiting them from teaching themselves and from playing a role in the government, most crucially from the military. This led to the displacement of many Tutsis trying to avoid these measures. The tables had now turned on the once ruling Tutsi people, clearly bringing to light the discriminatio n faced by them. This was a significant aspect in the years leading up to the genocide. Environmental factor Environmental factors have also played a key role in causing and shaping the genocide. â€Å"Rwanda, is a small country whose population increased from 1 887 000 in 1948 to more than 7 500 000 in 1992†. In other words, this rapid rise population within a small land area made it densely populated which placed pressures on both the land and population. It has been argued that Rwanda’s overpopulation and poverty problems undoubtedly set in place increasing racial antagonism. The increasing population and subset amongst family members increased, the amount of available land for subsistence purposes decreased drastically, leaving many landless and unemployed. As a result, people were easily encouraged by political leaders to kill the Tutsis so that they could take possession of their land. Therefore it is clear to see that population growth and land scarcity was a major cause for the genocide in Rwanda. Economic Economic factors have also conditioned and exacerbated the effects the magnitude of the massacre in Rwanda. There are four key socio- economic factors include the following; the price of coffee which fell suddenly along with the 1989 currency devaluation and the subsequent rapid inflation after 1990; the structural adjustment programme combined with a drought in the southern regions which turned into a famine; the 1990 war in the north that had exhausted government funds, the war also created huge refugee camps in the north of rwanda, finally the ‘paradox of democratisation in Africa’ which caused opposition to the already embattled government. As Rwanda faced a serious food–people–land disproportion. In the first half of the twentieth century, severe food insufficiency were linked with the death and migration of many of the Rwandan population to neighbouring lands. From 1928–1929 Rwanda suffered from famine and famine of 1943 took the life of approximately â€Å"30,000 people and forced over 100,000 to leave for the Belgian Congo and Uganda.† In the years leading to the genocide, there had been a noticeable slump in the â€Å"availability of kilocalories per person per day and overall farm production.† Famines occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s in several parts of the country. Emergency sources of food in neighbouring countries also were limited. Another contributing factor that made worse the already dire situation in Rwanda that lead to the genocide was that for two decades before the 1994 mass murder, was ‘land acquisition’ carried out by military personnels and persons with influence with political connections, this led to the formation of a rural elite. However, â€Å"only 17 per cent of all Rwandan farms exceeded one hectare, they accounted for 43 per cent of Rwanda’s total arable land.† For most part of the land in Rwanda, the typical family had just about half a hectare of land plot. What makes clear, that environmental and economic elements, was a route cause for the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was that before all the problems with population and food these various race groups had to some extent lived together by comparison peacefully before the mid-nineteenth century, at a time when their total population was comparatively low and land supply for both farming and cattle grazing was enough. But with rapid population growth in the twentieth century, the situation changed. A cultural difference between the Hutus and Tutsis had also aggravated the bitterness between the rival ethnic groups. This is due to their documented contrast in-regard-to their practice of â€Å"ecological adaptation†; such as the Hutu horticulture approach and Tutsi cattle pastoralism approach, within the context of a society over 90 per cent agricultural, and fast increasing rural population, with no major job opportunities, with dwindling food output and consumption for each person, the Hutu and Tutsi groups turned into natural adversaries. â€Å"Those Tutsi still engaged in cattle pastoralism wanted open ranges to graze their herds. In direct opposition, landless Hutu wanted those very lands, marginal as they may have been for agriculture, to build homesteads and to farm.† (Spalding, F, 2009) The consequence of land shortage saw more than half of Rwanda’s Tutsi population from the early 1960s to 1973, removed from their land, the land was vacated for Hutu settlement and cultivation. This move, had appeared to show that the problems faced by the Hutus could be resolved if the Tutsi were eradicated. For example, the Hutu farmers could have enough territory if the Tutsi were not there. A development during the 1980s, had again witnessed a population increase which had exceeded the amount of cultivable land. This saw Farmers’ overcompensate and increase food production however this had in effect led to soil exhaustion. This period also saw â€Å"over 50 per cent drop in the price of export coffee in 1989 adversely affected the 60 per cent of Rwandan farmers who cultivated coffee for cash income.† On the international level , the Rwandan export stcok market had disintegrated resulting poor farmers facing new levels of anguish. This made it easier for manipulation of the people by the political elite, who were looking for â€Å"extreme solutions to their country’s (and their own) growing insecurity†. It was argued by Des Forges that because of this occurrence, â€Å"those inciting Hutu civilians to murder Tutsi† were given rewards, this in effect gave the Hutus a permission to target and steal from the Tutsis and giving them hope of attaining land and businesses of the victims’. (Prunier, 1995) It is therefore made obvious that economic state of despair, and lack of hope, was a major cause and player in the readiness of thousands of poor farmers and urban residents â€Å"to fear the possibility of a Tutsi land- and jobs-grab under a victorious RPF regime; to be tempted by more specific hopes for land and jobs, or, more crudely still, to participate in order to grab a share of the victims’ property.† Thus this explanation provides a reason why the massacring of a race was possible and fast. The 1990–1992 war with the RPF contributed further to the devastation of Rwanda’s economy. It displaced thousands of farmers in the north, which also caused reductions in food and coffee production. (Spalding, 2009) A â€Å"Malthusian† theory of population growth and overpopulation being major causes of environmental degradation, hunger, poverty and war, which in turn lead to the hostility and subsequent killing in large scale of a targeted race, thus it is quite useful in helping to further explain the cause of the genocide in Rwanda. On the other hand an alternative view can be argued in criticizing the Malthusian explanation for the cause of the genocide in Rwanda must be considered. According to Boudreaux’s (2009:85) who provides some useful insights on why Rwanda is not ‘a modern day Malthusian Crisis’. She contends, no reason was provided as to why Rwandans were tied to their land. These are: One criticism was that due to Rwanda’s lack of a formal market, that would otherwise enable its people to put their land on the market and migrate to more urban districts, and also the government rules that restricted the movement of the populace from the countryside to city centers, â€Å"the government firmly controlled markets that limited entrepreneurial opportunities for people who might wish to leave farms, and a general pro-rural ideology imposed by the pre-genocide Habyarimana government† (Boudreaux 2009:85). She also argues that land disagreements was not the chief drive for hostility and genocide, against the Tutsis but the policies of the ruling party that limited selling of land, and lack of freedom of movement and work prospect and the fact that many people did not use family planning, which had the effect of rising population at uncontrollable rates. In addition to this carelessness in dealing with conflict, in a peaceful way especially the 1990–1992 war with the RPF were key contributing causes that led to the discontent of people in the country (Boudreaux 2009:85). Boudreaux also claimed that the problem of land scarcity is insufficient to give explanation of the slaughtering of a race which took place in Rwanda. As she points out those states such as Belgium and Swaziland which are about the same size as Rwanda never witnessed genocide. Therefore poverty and overpopulation are not the decisive causes of the genocide but they are amid the factors which made possible the conscription of militias of young people, ‘who had nothing to lose’, just before 1994 (Semelin 2005:26–30). Furthermore, African Rights (1995:6), also make claim that on the surface examination of the genocide would point the finger at â€Å"poverty, overpopulation, environmental and economic crisis for the tensions which led to the killings†. They also assert that the likely motive for the genocide rest within the socio-political structures that influenced people from sources of bitterness and hopelessness to committing to carrying out brutality (African Rights 1995:6). http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcr/article/viewFile/63313/51197 Ideological cause Another cause for the genocide was down to the ideological imposition on the population, persuading the people of Rwanda to accept an ideology that justified the ruling tutsis outlook and convinced them that their interests are being looked after. During 1960s when the Hutus gained control till 1994, the ideology promoted by the Hutu ruling elite was the Tutsi race were foreign intruders, who â€Å"could not be considered as citizens.† It was held that the were Hutu had been enslaved by the aristocratic invaders, now as they ruled, they proclaimed that they were now the only inhabitants with the right to live in the country. A Hutu-controlled government was now not only automatically legitimate but also ontologically democratic.’ This political ideology legitimised both the oppression of Tutsi group and the rule by some Hutu elites. Propaganda-media During the devastating genocide in Rwanda, the media in Rwanda had a major role in producing and maintaining an environment which validated the massacre that took place. Rwandan media’s promotion of hatred for Tutsis was magnified; the view that genocide of Tutsis would be the answer for the ethnic issues within Rwanda. Hutus who were once oppressed during the colonization had in essence attempted to be set free by becoming the oppressors themselves. (Thompson, 2007) Religion Religious point of views also contributed to the country’s deepening division problems. The majority of Rwanda’s population was Catholic. Despite Rwanda’s evident overpopulation, those in the church and government hierarchy not only refused to promote birth-control programmes; they actively opposed them. ‘Radical Catholic pro-life commandos raided pharmacies to destroy condoms with the approval of the Ministry of the Interior.’ it was suggests that the introduction of Christianity during colonization of Rwanda changed the Rwandan culture and helped to shape the mental culture that led to genocide. Rwandans have traditionally viewed people as family, friends, and third parties; but, as the influence of the bipolar Christian social identity increased, Christianity replaced the traditional religions as well as the traditional Rwandan view. Christianity led Rwandans to identify people as either friend or foe, especially when the people in question were Hutus or Tutsis. Semujanga suggests this gave rise to stereotypes and prejudices against Tutsis that labeled them as â€Å"power-hungry,† â€Å"dishonest,† and â€Å"the absolute enemy.† (Destexhe, 1995) Conclusion The genocide in Rwanda was a tragedy in which over 800 000 were killed. As with other genocides in the world, the one in Rwanda was complex with multidimensional causes and effects. In short, the ultimate cause of Rwandan genocide was the increasing imbalance in land, food and people that led to malnutrition, hunger, periodic famine and fierce competition for land to farm. Too many people were relying on rapidly diminishing amounts of arable land per capita for their subsistence level existences. Although it has been clearly argued that the causes of the genocide go beyond this and there is a deeper level which when analysed blames the manipulation by the ruling government at the time of the genocide and also the policies adopted by them goes further to explain the causes of the Genocide in Rwanda. References Destexhe, A, 1995. Rwanda and genocide in the twentieth century. 1st ed. London: Pluto Press Prunier, G, 1995. The Rwanda crisis: history of a genocide. 1st ed. London: C Hurst Co Spalding, F, 2009. Genocide in Rwanda. 1st ed. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group inc Thompson, A, 2007. The media and the Rwanda genocide. 1st ed. London: Pluto Press http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcr/article/viewFile/63313/51197 (last accessed 4th May 2011) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-11108059 How to cite Analyze the causes of the Rwandan Genocide, Essay examples